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cartographic perspectives 49 Number 43, Fall 2002 organic. Rasterizing also sets the stage for later exotic filter manip- ulations that can be applied only to pixels (Figure 5). 3) Modulate tones – Just as lines are rare in nature, so too are per- fectly flat area tones. Seemingly flat surfaces such as water bodies, ice fields, and deserts contain subtle tonal variations that need to be emphasized. 4) Texturize – Graphical noise and embossed textures give selected area tones, such as cliffs and forests and even rasterized lines, a tactile appearance that more closely mimics nature (Figure 6). Applying the rules mentioned above to the design of cartographically realistic maps requires utmost restraint. Not only is the philosophy for designing realistic maps somewhat different from that of conventional cartography, so too are the production techniques used to apply these designs. Although merging physical landscape features can yield spec- tacularly realistic results, the potential for a disaster is also high—the "Modulate tones - Just as lines are rare in nature, so too are perfectly flat area tones. Seemingly flat surfaces such as water bodies, ice fields, and deserts contain subtle tonal variations that need to be emphasized." Figure 4. On NPS maps, physical features are more apt to be portrayed with cartographic realism than cultural and explanatory map elements. Figure 5. Mt. Rainier National Park, Washington. (left) Hand-drawn rock hachures. (right) The hachures are rasterized and lightly filtered in Photoshop to appear more rock like.

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